Bab 18: Reduction of Adverb Clauses

📘 Bab 18

Reduction of Adverb Clauses
to Modifying Adverbial Phrases

Meringkas adverb clause menjadi frasa
Syarat utama: subject clause = subject utama

✔ While I was walking to class, I ran into a friend.
→ While walking to class, I ran into a friend.

📌 Slide berikut: syarat, time clauses, cause & effect, latihan TOEFL.

⚠️ Syarat Penting & Dangling Modifier

Hanya bisa direduksi jika subject di adverb clause = subject di main clause.

✅ While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
❌ While sitting in class, the phone rang. (dangling modifier)

🔥 Kesalahan TOEFL favorit: While watching TV, the doorbell rang.
Perbaiki: While I was watching TV, the doorbell rang.

⏱ Time Clauses (18-2)

• After / before / when / while / since
• Hilangkan subject, ubah verb menjadi -ing

📌 Since Maria came → Since coming, she has made friends.
📌 After he finished homework → After finishing homework, Peter went to bed.

⏳ "During the same time"

Kata while bisa dihilangkan, artinya tetap sama.

While walking down the street, I ran into a friend.
→ Walking down the street, I ran into a friend.

🎯 Cause & Effect (karena)

-ing phrase sering berarti "because".

✔ Needing money, she went to the ATM.
✔ Having seen that movie before, I don't want to go again.
✔ Being a doctor, Oskar gets calls at night.

Tanpa being juga bisa: Unable to afford a car, she bought a bike.

📌 Upon / On + -ing

Artinya "when" atau "segera setelah".

Upon hearing the news, she began to cry.
On reaching the age of 18, I can get a driver's license.

💡 Biasanya muncul di soal Written Expression dengan pilihan Upon + V-ing.

📝 Contoh Soal TOEFL (Structure)

1️⃣ ______ down the street, I saw a bear.
A. Walk    B. Walking    C. Walked

2️⃣ ______ a doctor, he knows how to handle emergencies.
A. Is    B. Being    C. Be

3️⃣ After ______ his homework, he went to bed.
A. finish    B. finished    C. finishing

4️⃣ Not wanting to miss the bus, ______ ran as fast as I could.
A. I    B. the bus    C. my friend

🔍 Lihat Kunci Jawaban

1. B (Walking)
2. B (Being)
3. C (finishing)
4. A (I)

✍️ Kesalahan di Written Expression

❌ While walking to class, my backpack felt heavy.
→ Siapa yang berjalan? backpack? Tidak logis.

✅ Perbaiki: While walking to class, I felt my backpack was heavy.

📌 Rangkuman Singkat

• ✔ Subject clause = subject utama → boleh reduksi
• ✔ Ubah verb menjadi -ing
• ✔ Upon + -ing = "when / as soon as"
• ✔ Hati-hati dangling modifier

🧠 Latihan mandiri: Ubah ke modifying phrase:
Because she was exhausted, she went to bed early. →

✅ Jawaban

Exhausted, she went to bed early. atau Being exhausted, she went to bed early.

⚠️ 5 Kesalahan Fatal di TOEFL

• 1. Dangling modifier
• 2. Menggunakan because dan frasa -ing sekaligus
• 3. Lupa mengubah verb ke -ing
• 4. Mereduksi padahal subjek berbeda
• 5. Salah memilih upon + V-ing vs when + clause

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